Vehicle Automation Levels Ontology
type: Ontology
comment: This product contains SAE International copyrighted intellectual property, which has been and is licensed with permission for use by Licensee and its Sublicensee. The true authority of any SAE standard is the PDF version, which can be found at saemobilus.sae.org.
creator: Marcin Skulimowski
creator: Piotr Kulicki
license: MIT
rights: "J" standards are a trademark of SAE International.
rights: SAE J3016™
source: J3016 “Levels of Driving Automation” standard, revision 2021-04
copyright: © SAE International, All rights reserved.
file abbreviation: auto-av-val
imports: CarControl
imports: VehicleCore
imports: VehicleParts
imports: AnnotationVocabulary
version IRI: VehicleAutomationLevels
has maturity level: Provisional

active safety system
type: Class
subclass of: VehiclePart
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: performs
  some values from: monitor the driving environment
definition: Active safety systems are vehicle systems that sense and monitor conditions inside and outside the vehicle for the purpose of identifying perceived present and potential dangers to the vehicle, occupants, and/or other road users, and automatically intervene to help avoid or mitigate potential collisions via various methods, including alerts to the driver, vehicle system adjustments, and/or active control of the vehicle subsystems (brakes, throttle, suspension, etc.).
adapted from: SAE-J3016 APR2021, sec. 3.1
explanatory note: For purposes of this report, systems that meet the definition of active safety systems are considered to have a design purpose that is primarily focused on improving safety rather than comfort, convenience, or general driver assistance. Active safety systems warn or intervene during a high-risk event or maneuver.

automated driving
type: Class
subclass of: driving automation
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: is performed by
  all values from: automated driving system
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: realizes
  all values from: dynamic driving task
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: has participant
  some values from: ADS equipped vehicle
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: has user while DAS is unengaged
  some values from: human driver

automated driving system
type: Class
subclass of: driving automation system
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: performs
  some values from: Class
    union of: automated driving
    union of: request to intervene
definition: The hardware and software that are collectively capable of performing the entire DDT on a sustained basis, regardless of whether it is limited to a specific operational design domain (ODD); this term is used specifically to describe a Level 3, 4, or 5 driving automation system.
abbreviation: ADS
adapted from: SAE-J3016 APR2021, sec. 3.2
explanatory note: In contrast to ADS, the generic term “driving automation system” (see 3.6) refers to any Level 1 to 5 system or feature that performs part or all of the DDT on a sustained basis. Given the similarity between the generic term, “driving automation system,” and the Level 3 to 5 specific term, “automated driving system,” the latter term should be capitalized when spelled out and reduced to its abbreviation, ADS, as much as possible, while the former term should not be.

ADS dedicated vehicle
type: Class
subclass of: ADS equipped vehicle
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: is dispatched in
  on class: Class
    intersection of: driverless operation
    intersection of: Restriction
      on property: is dispatched by
      some values from: driverless operation dispatcher
  min qualified cardinality: 0
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: operated by
  some values from: Class
    intersection of: automated driving system
    intersection of: Restriction
      on property: performs
      some values from: Class
        union of: full driving automation
        union of: high driving automation
definition: ADS-equipped vehicle designed for driverless operation under routine/normal operating conditions during all trips within its given ODD (if any)
example: A Level 4 ADS-DV designed to operate exclusively within a corporate campus where it picks up and discharges passengers along a specific route specified by the ADS-DV dispatcher.
example: A Level 4 ADS-DV designed to operate exclusively within a geographically prescribed central business district where it delivers supplies using roads (but not necessarily routes) specified by the ADS-DV dispatcher.
example: A Level 5 ADS-DV capable of operating on all mapped roads in the US that are navigable by a human driver. The user simply inputs a destination, and the ADS-DV automatically navigates to that destination.
abbreviation: ADS-DV
adapted from: SAE-J3016 APR2021, sec. 3.32.3
explanatory note: ADS-DVs might be operated temporarily by a human driver: (1) to manage transient deviations from the ODD, (2) to address a system failure, or (3) while in a marshalling yard before or after being repaired/serviced or dispatched.
explanatory note: An ADS-DV might be designed without user interfaces designed to be operable by an in-vehicle driver, such as braking, accelerating, steering, and transmission gear selection input devices, or it might be designed so that these devices are inoperative under routine/normal operating conditions.
explanatory note: In contrast to previous versions of this document, which specified that an ADS-DV was limited to Levels 4 and 5, this revised definition of an ADS-DV also allows for the possibility of a Level 3 ADS-DV if the remote fallback-ready user can be receptive to both ADS-issued requests to intervene and to evident DDT performance-relevant system failures in the vehicle. Once either of these conditions occurs, the remote fallback-ready user begins to perform the DDT fallback in (virtually) real time using wireless means. (See also 3.24 and 3.22.)

ADS dual-mode vehicle
type: Class
subclass of: ADS equipped vehicle
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: operated by
  some values from: Class
    union of: automated driving system
    union of: in-vehicle driver
definition: ADS-equipped vehicle designed to enable either driverless operation under routine/normal operating conditions within its given ODD (if any), or operation by an in-vehicle driver, for complete trips
adapted from: SAE-J3016 APR2021, sec. 3.32.2
explanatory note: A vehicle equipped with a Level 5 feature in which at any time the driver can choose to engage the feature, or can choose to operate the vehicle manually, would be classified as a dual-mode vehicle.
explanatory note: An ADS sub-trip feature that is usable during only part of a trip, such as a feature designed to perform the complete DDT during traffic jams on freeways, would not be sufficient to classify its host vehicle as a dual-mode vehicle because it would not be capable of driverless operation for a complete trip.
explanatory note: When operated by the ADS, dual-mode vehicles enable driverless operation, although a human driver could also be present in the driver’s seat.

ADS equipped vehicle
type: Class
subclass of: motor vehicle
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: is capable to participate in
  some values from: driverless operation
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: is equipped with
  some values from: automated driving system
definition: vehicle equipped with an automated driving system

campus
type: Class
subclass of: confined geographic location
definition: collection of buildings and grounds that belong to a given institution, either academic or non-academic

central business district
type: Class
subclass of: confined geographic location
definition: commercial and business center of a city

city centre
type: Class
subclass of: confined geographic location
definition: commercial, cultural and often geographic heart of a city

condition
type: Class

conditional driving automation
type: Class
subclass of: automated driving
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: has usage specification
  some values from: operational design domain
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: has user while DAS is engaged
  some values from: DDT fallback-ready user
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: results in
  some values from: sub-trip feature
definition: The sustained and ODD-specific performance by an ADS of the entire DDT under routine/normal operation (see 3.27) with the expectation that the DDT fallback-ready user is receptive to ADS-issued requests to intervene, as well as to DDT performance-relevant system failures in other vehicle systems, and will respond appropriately.
example: An ADS feature capable of performing the entire DDT in low-speed, stop-and-go freeway traffic.
abbreviation: Level 3
adapted from: SAE-J3016 APR2021, sec. 5.4
explanatory note: A Level 3 ADS’s DDT fallback-ready user is also expected to be receptive to evident DDT performance-relevant system failures in vehicle systems that do not necessarily trigger an ADS-issued request to intervene, such as a broken body or suspension component.
explanatory note: Although automated DDT fallback performance is not expected of Level 3 ADS features, a Level 3 feature may be capable of performing the DDT fallback and achieving a minimal risk condition under certain, limited conditions.
explanatory note: An “appropriate” response by a DDT fallback-ready user to a request to intervene may entail either bringing the vehicle to a minimal risk condition or continuing to operate the vehicle after the ADS has disengaged.
explanatory note: In the event of a DDT performance-relevant system failure in a Level 3 ADS, or in the event that the ADS exits its ODD, the ADS will issue a request to intervene within sufficient time for the fallback-ready user (whether in-vehicle or remote) to respond appropriately.
explanatory note: The DDT fallback-ready user need not supervise a Level 3 ADS while it is engaged but is expected to be prepared to either resume DDT performance when the ADS issues a request to intervene or to perform the fallback and achieve a minimal risk condition if the failure condition precludes continued vehicle operation.
explanatory note: Unlike Level 1 and 2 driver support features, all Level 3 and 4 ADS features are designed to monitor and enforce their ODD limitations while engaged, and to prevent engagement or operation outside of their prescribed ODD.

confined geographic location
type: Class
subclass of: operating condition
definition: region (point, line, or area) on Earth's surface or elsewhere

congested traffic
type: Class
subclass of: traffic type
definition: traffic that is characterized by slower speeds, longer trip times, and increased vehicular queueing

conventional vehicle
type: Class
subclass of: motor vehicle
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: is capable to participate in
  some values from: operation with driver
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: operated by
  some values from: in-vehicle driver
definition: vehicle designed to be operated by an in-vehicle driver during part or all of every trip
example: A vehicle equipped with Level 1 adaptive cruise control, Level 1 lane centering, and a Level 3 ADS feature designed to perform the complete DDT during traffic jams on fully access-controlled freeways. The Level 3 ADS traffic jam feature requires the user to operate the vehicle on the way to the freeway before engaging the feature, as well as again operating the vehicle upon exiting the freeway in order to complete the trip.
example: A vehicle equipped with a Level 4 valet parking feature designed to allow the user to exit the vehicle near a parking lot and then dispatch it to a parking space.
example: A vehicle with no driving automation system features that is designed to be operated by an in-vehicle driver throughout all trips.
adapted from: SAE-J3016 APR2021, sec. 3.32.1
explanatory note: A conventional vehicle may be equipped with one or more Level 1 or 2 driving automation system features that support the driver in performing the DDT, but do not perform the complete DDT. A conventional vehicle may also be equipped with a Level 3 and/or Level 4 ADS sub-trip feature(s) that requires an in-vehicle driver to operate the vehicle during portions of each trip (see 3.7.2).
explanatory note: While it may be counterintuitive to call a vehicle equipped with an ADS “conventional,” it is appropriate in this context because an in-vehicle driver is required for at least part of every trip. As emphasized below, this taxonomy classifies the driving automation level of features rather than of vehicles (although, in the special case of an ADS-DV, the classification of the ADS feature and the vehicle are effectively the same).

corporate campus
type: Class
subclass of: campus
definition: collection of buildings and grounds that belong to a given corporation

corporate campus, specific route
type: Class
subclass of: operational design domain
definition: specific route in a corporate campus
adapted from: SAE-J3016 APR2021, sec. 3.32.3, Example 1

DDT performance-relevant system failure
type: Class
subclass of: operation
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: is malfunction of
  some values from: Class
    intersection of: driving automation system
    intersection of: Class
      complement of: Restriction
        on property: performs
        some values from: dynamic driving subtask
definition: A malfunction in a driving automation system and/or other vehicle system that prevents the driving automation system from reliably performing its portion of the DDT on a sustained basis, including the complete DDT, that it would otherwise perform.
example: A Level 1 driver support feature that performs the lateral vehicle motion control subtask of the DDT experiences a DDT performance-relevant system failure in one of its cameras, which prevents it from reliably detecting lane markings. The feature causes a malfunction indication message to be displayed in the center console at the same time that the feature automatically disengages, requiring the driver to immediately resume performing the lateral vehicle motion control subtask of the DDT.
example: A Level 3 ADS experiences a DDT performance-relevant system failure in one of its radar sensors, which prevents it from reliably detecting objects in the vehicle’s pathway. The ADS responds by issuing a request to intervene to the DDT fallback-ready user. The ADS continues to perform the DDT, while reducing vehicle speed, for several seconds to allow time for the DDT fallback-ready user to resume operation of the vehicle in an orderly manner.
example: A Level 4 ADS experiences a DDT performance-relevant system failure in one of its computing modules. The ADS transitions to DDT fallback by engaging a redundant computing module(s) to achieve a minimal risk condition.
example: A vehicle with an engaged Level 3 ADS experiences a sudden tire blow-out, which causes the vehicle to handle very poorly, giving the fallback-ready user ample kinesthetic feedback indicating a vehicle malfunction necessitating intervention. The fallback-ready user responds by resuming the DDT, turning on the hazard lamps, and pulling the vehicle onto the closest road shoulder, thereby achieving a minimal risk condition.
adapted from: SAE-J3016 APR2021, sec. 3.17
explanatory note: This definition applies to vehicle fault conditions and driving automation system failures that prevent a driving automation system from performing at full capability according to design intention.
explanatory note: This term does not apply to transient lapses in performance by a Level 1 or 2 driver support feature that are due to inherent design limitations and that do not otherwise prevent the system from performing its part of the DDT on a sustained basis.

daylight
type: Class
subclass of: time of day
definition: period when there is natural light from the sun

designated freeway, high-volume traffic
type: Class
subclass of: operational design domain
definition: high-volume traffic on a designated freeway
adapted from: SAE-J3016 APR2021, sec. 3.7, Example 1

dispatch in driveless operation
type: Class
subclass of: operation
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: has participant
  some values from: ADS equipped vehicle
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: is performed by
  some values from: driverless operation dispatching entity
definition: To place an ADS-equipped vehicle into service in driverless operation by engaging the ADS
adapted from: SAE-J3016 APR2021, sec. 3.4
explanatory note: Only ADS-equipped vehicles capable of driverless operation (namely, an ADS-DV or a dual-mode vehicle) are potentially subject to being dispatched.
explanatory note: The term “dispatch,” as used outside of the context of ADS-equipped vehicles, is generally understood to mean sending a particular vehicle to a particular pick-up or drop-off location for purposes of providing a transportation service. In the context of ADS-equipped vehicles, and as used herein, this term includes software-enabled dispatch of multiple ADS-equipped vehicles in driverless operation that may complete multiple trips involving pick-up and drop-off of passengers or goods throughout a day or other pre-defined period of service, and which may involve multiple agents performing various tasks related to the dispatch function. In order to highlight this specialized use of the term dispatch, the term is modified and conditioned by the stipulation that it refers exclusively to dispatching vehicles in driverless operation.

driver assistance
type: Class
subclass of: driver support
subclass of: Class
  complement of: Restriction
    on property: realizes
    some values from: Class
      intersection of: lateral vehicle motion control
      intersection of: longitudinal vehicle motion control
disjoint with: partial driving automation
definition: The sustained and ODD-specific execution by a driving automation system of either the lateral or the longitudinal vehicle motion control subtask of the DDT (but not both simultaneously) with the expectation that the driver performs the remainder of the DDT.
abbreviation: Level 1
adapted from: SAE-J3016 APR2021, sec. 5.2
explanatory note: A Level 1 driver support feature performing either the lateral or the longitudinal vehicle motion control subtask of the DDT is capable of only limited OEDR within its dimension (lateral or longitudinal), meaning that there are some events that the driving automation system is not capable of recognizing or responding to. Therefore, the driver must supervise the driving automation system performance by completing the OEDR subtask of the DDT as well as performing the other dimension of vehicle motion control. See Figure 2 (discussing the three primary subtasks of the DDT).
explanatory note: The term “Advanced Driver Assistance Systems” (ADAS) is commonly used to describe a broad range of features, including those that provide warnings and/or momentary intervention, such as forward collision warning (FCW) systems, lane keeping assistance (LKA) systems, and automatic emergency braking (AEB) systems, as well as some convenience features that involve Level 1 driver support features, such as ACC and certain parking assistance features. As such, the term ADAS is too broad and imprecise for use in a technical definitions document.
explanatory note: The term “driver assistance” as a modifier is also commonly used to describe automotive features that are not considered to be driving automation system features, because they do not provide sustained performance of part or all of the DDT.

driver support
type: Class
subclass of: driving automation
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: realizes
  all values from: dynamic driving subtask
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: realizes
  all values from: Class
    union of: lateral vehicle motion control
    union of: longitudinal vehicle motion control
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: has participant
  some values from: conventional vehicle
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: has usage specification
  some values from: operational design domain
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: has user at all times
  some values from: Class
    intersection of: human driver
    intersection of: Restriction
      on property: performs
      some values from: supervise DAS performance
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: realizes
  some values from: Class
    union of: lateral vehicle motion control
    union of: longitudinal vehicle motion control

driver support DAS feature
type: Class
subclass of: DAS feature
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: is result of
  some values from: driver support
definition: A general term for Level 1 and Level 2 driving automation system features.
adapted from: SAE-J3016 APR2021, sec. 3.8
explanatory note: Level 1 (driver assistance) and Level 2 (partial automation) features are capable of performing only part of the DDT, and thus require a driver to perform the remainder of the DDT, as well as to supervise the feature’s performance while engaged. As such, these features, when engaged, support - but do not replace - a driver in performing the DDT.

driverless operation
type: Class
subclass of: motor vehicle operation
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: is performed by
  all values from: automated driving system
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: has participant
  all values from: ADS equipped vehicle
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: has on-board user
  all values from: Class
    complement of: Class
      union of: DDT fallback-ready user
      union of: in-vehicle driver
disjoint with: operation with driver
definition: on-road operation of an ADS-equipped vehicle that is unoccupied, or in which on-board users are not drivers or in-vehicle fallback-ready users
example: A Level 4 ADS-DV is dispatched in driverless operation for purposes of providing transportation service.
adapted from: SAE-J3016 APR2021, sec. 3.9
explanatory note: ADS-DVs are always dispatched in driverless operation (subject to NOTE 3 in 3.33.3).
explanatory note: ADS-equipped dual-mode vehicles may be dispatched in driverless operation.
explanatory note: On-board passengers are neither drivers nor fallback-ready users.

driverless operation dispatcher
type: Class
subclass of: driverless operation dispatching entity
subclass of: human user
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: is user in while DAS is engaged
  all values from: Class
    union of: full driving automation
    union of: high driving automation
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: performs
  on class: fleet operation
  min qualified cardinality: 0
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: is user in while DAS is engaged
  some values from: Class
    union of: full driving automation
    union of: high driving automation
definition: user(s) who dispatches an ADS-equipped vehicle(s) in driverless operation
adapted from: SAE-J3016 APR2021, sec. 3.31.4
explanatory note: A dispacher(s) may also perform other fleet operations functions.

driverless operation dispatching entity
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: performs
  some values from: dispatch in driveless operation
definition: An entity that dispatches an ADS-equipped vehicle(s) in driverless operation.
example: A fleet of Level 4 closed campus ADS-dedicated vehicles is placed into service by a driverless operation dispatching entity, which engages the ADS for each vehicle after verifying its operational readiness and disengages the ADS when each vehicle is taken out of service.
adapted from: SAE-J3016 APR2021, sec. 3.3
explanatory note: The functions carried out by a dispatching entity may be divided among one or several agents, depending on the usage specification for the ADS-equipped vehicle(s) in question.

driving automation
type: Class
subclass of: sustained operation of a vehicle
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: is performed by
  all values from: driving automation system
disjoint with: no driving automation
definition: The performance by hardware/software systems of part or all of the DDT on a sustained basis.
adapted from: SAE-J3016 APR2021, sec. 3.5

driving automation system
type: Class
subclass of: VehiclePart
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: has feature
  some values from: DAS feature
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: performs
  some values from: Class
    union of: driving automation
    union of: request to intervene
definition: The hardware and software that are collectively capable of performing part or all of the DDT on a sustained basis; this term is used generically to describe any system capable of Level 1 to 5 driving automation.
adapted from: SAE-J3016 APR2021, sec. 3.6
explanatory note: In contrast to this generic term for any Level 1 to 5 system, the specific term for a Level 3 to 5 system is “automated driving system (ADS).” Given the similarity between the generic term, “driving automation system,” and the Level 3 to 5 specific term, “Automated Driving System,” the latter term should be capitalized when spelled out and reduced to its abbreviation, ADS, as much as possible, while the former term should not be (see 3.2).

DAS feature
type: Class
subclass of: feature
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: is result of
  all values from: driving automation
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: is feature of
  all values from: driving automation system
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: is feature of
  some values from: driving automation system
definition: A Level 1-5 driving automation system’s design-specific functionality at a given level of driving automation within a particular ODD, if applicable.
example: A Level 3 ADS feature that performs the DDT, excluding DDT fallback, in high-volume traffic on fully access-controlled freeways.
example: A Level 4 ADS feature that performs the DDT, including DDT fallback, in a specified geo-fenced urban center.
adapted from: SAE-J3016 APR2021, sec. 3.7
explanatory note: A given driving automation system may have multiple features, each associated with a particular level of driving automation and ODD.
explanatory note: Because the term “driving automation system” subsumes both driver support features and ADS features, it is also acceptable to refer to them as such.
explanatory note: Each feature satisfies a usage specification.
explanatory note: Features may be referred to by generic names (e.g., automated parking) or by proprietary names.

DDT fallback-ready user
type: Class
subclass of: human user
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: is user in while DAS is engaged
  all values from: conditional driving automation
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: performs
  on class: DDT fallback
  min qualified cardinality: 0
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: performs
  on class: minimal risk condition achievement
  min qualified cardinality: 0
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: is receptive to
  some values from: DDT performance-relevant system failure
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: is receptive to
  some values from: request to intervene
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: is user in while DAS is engaged
  some values from: conditional driving automation
definition: user of a vehicle equipped with an engaged Level 3 ADS feature who is properly qualified and able to operate the vehicle and is receptive to ADS-issued requests to intervene and to evident DDT performance-relevant system failures in the vehicle compelling him or her to perform the DDT fallback
adapted from: SAE-J3016 APR2021, sec. 3.31.3
explanatory note: A DDT fallback-ready user who transitions to performing part or all of the DDT becomes a driver (in-vehicle or remote).
explanatory note: DDT performance by a Level 3 ADS assumes that a fallback-ready user is available to perform the DDT as required. There is no such assumption at Levels 4 and 5.

dynamic driving subtask
type: Class
subclass of: Task
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: is part of
  some values from: dynamic driving task
definition: A real-time operational or tactical function required to operate a vehicle in on-road traffic.
adapted from: SAE-J3016 APR2021, sec. 3.10

dynamic driving task
type: Class
subclass of: Task
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: has part
  some values from: lateral vehicle motion control
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: has part
  some values from: longitudinal vehicle motion control
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: has part
  some values from: monitor
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: has part
  some values from: object and event detection and response
definition: All of the real-time operational and tactical functions required to operate a vehicle in on-road traffic, excluding the strategic functions such as trip scheduling and selection of destinations and waypoints, and including, without limitation, the following subtasks: Lateral vehicle motion control via steering (operational); Longitudinal vehicle motion control via acceleration and deceleration (operational); Monitoring the driving environment via object and event detection, recognition, classification, and response preparation (operational and tactical); Object and event response execution (operational and tactical); Maneuver planning (tactical); Enhancing conspicuity via lighting, sounding the horn, signaling, gesturing, etc. (tactical).
abbreviation: DDT
adapted from: SAE-J3016 APR2021, sec. 3.10
explanatory note: Figure 2 displays a schematic view of the driving task. For more information on the differences between operational, tactical, and strategic functions of driving, see 8.11.
explanatory note: For simplification and to provide a useful shorthand term, subtasks (3) and (4) are referred to collectively as object and event detection and response (OEDR) (see 3.19).
explanatory note: In this document, reference is made to “complete(ing) the DDT.” This means fully performing all of the subtasks of the DDT, whether that role is fulfilled by the (human) driver, by the driving automation system, or by a combination of both.
explanatory note: Some driving automation systems (or the vehicles equipped with them) may have a means to change longitudinal vehicle motion control between forward and reverse.

DDT fallback
type: Class
subclass of: operation
subclass of: Class
  union of: minimal risk condition achievement
  union of: Restriction
    on property: realizes
    some values from: dynamic driving task
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: is performed by
  all values from: Class
    union of: automated driving system
    union of: human user
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: is result of
  all values from: Class
    union of: DDT performance-relevant system failure
    union of: operational design domain exit
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: has participant
  some values from: motor vehicle
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: is performed by
  some values from: Class
    union of: automated driving system
    union of: human user
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: is result of
  some values from: Class
    union of: DDT performance-relevant system failure
    union of: operational design domain exit
definition: The response by the user to either perform the DDT or achieve a minimal risk condition (1) after occurrence of a DDT performance-relevant system failure(s), or (2) upon operational design domain (ODD) exit, or the response by an ADS to achieve minimal risk condition, given the same circumstances.
example: A Level 1 adaptive cruise control (ACC) feature experiences a system failure that causes the feature to stop performing its intended function. The human driver performs the DDT fallback by resuming performance of the complete DDT.
example: A Level 3 ADS feature that performs the entire DDT during traffic jams on freeways is not able to do so when it encounters a crash scene and therefore issues a request to intervene to the DDT fallback-ready user. S/he responds by taking over performance of the entire DDT in order to maneuver around the crash scene (see Figure 4). (Note that in this example, a minimal risk condition is not needed or achieved.)
adapted from: SAE-J3016 APR2021, sec. 3.12
explanatory note: At Level 3, an ADS is capable of continuing to perform the DDT for at least several seconds after providing the fallback-ready user with a request to intervene. The DDT fallback-ready user is then expected to resume manual vehicle operation, or to achieve a minimal risk condition if s/he determines it to be necessary.
explanatory note: At Levels 4 and 5, the ADS must be capable of performing the DDT fallback and achieving a minimal risk condition. Level 4 and 5 ADS-equipped vehicles that are designed to also accommodate operation by a driver (whether in-vehicle or remote) may allow a user to perform the DDT fallback, when circumstances allow this to be done safely, if s/he chooses to do so (see Figures 7 and 8). However, a Level 4 or 5 ADS need not be designed to allow a user to perform DDT fallback and, indeed, may be designed to disallow it in order to reduce crash risk (see 8.9).
explanatory note: Some Level 3 features may be designed to automatically perform the fallback and achieve a minimal risk condition in some circumstances, such as when an obstacle-free, adjacent shoulder is present, but not in others, such as when no such road shoulder is available. The assignment of Level 3 therefore does not restrict the ADS from automatically achieving the minimal risk condition, but it cannot guarantee automated achievement of minimal risk condition in all cases within its ODD. Moreover, automated minimal risk condition achievement in some, but not all, circumstances that demand it does not constitute Level 4 functionality.
explanatory note: The DDT and the DDT fallback are distinct functions, and the capability to perform one does not necessarily entail the ability to perform the other. Thus, a Level 3 ADS, which is capable of performing the entire DDT within its ODD, may not be capable of performing the DDT fallback in all situations that require it and thus will issue a request to intervene to the DDT fallback-ready user when necessary (see Figures 3 to 6).
explanatory note: While a Level 4 or 5 ADS is performing the DDT fallback, it may be limited by design in speed and/or range of lateral and/or longitudinal vehicle motion control (i.e., it may enter so-called “limp-home mode”).
explanatory note: While performing DDT fallback, an ADS may operate temporarily outside of its ODD (see 3.21 NOTE 1).

failure migration strategy
type: Class
subclass of: feature
subclass of: Class
  complement of: Restriction
    on property: is feature of
    some values from: automated driving system
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: is feature of
  some values from: ADS equipped vehicle
definition: vehicle function (not an ADS function) designed to automatically bring an ADS-equipped vehicle to a controlled stop in path following either: (1) prolonged failure of the fallback-ready user of a Level 3 ADS feature to perform the fallback after the ADS has issued a request to intervene, or (2) occurrence of a system failure or external event so catastrophic that it incapacitates the ADS, which can no longer perform vehicle motion control in order to perform the fallback and achieve a minimal risk condition. (See 8.6.)
adapted from: SAE-J3016 APR2021, sec. 3.11
explanatory note: Some vehicles equipped with Level 2 driver support features may be designed to brake a vehicle to a full stop if the driver fails to indicate his/her continued supervision of feature performance during engagement. Although that is similar in function to a failure mitigation strategy as defined above, the term “failure mitigation strategy” is reserved for ADS features that do not require driver supervision.

fair weather
type: Class
subclass of: weather type
definition: weather conditions conducive to driving such as good visibility and dry road surface

falling weather
type: Class
subclass of: weather type
definition: weather characterized by heavy rain, snow or hail that makes driving difficult

feature
type: Class
definition: Indicates a built-in feature, accessory, or component of the vehicle.

fleet operation
type: Class
subclass of: operation
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: has part
  some values from: dispatch in driveless operation
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: has participant
  some values from: ADS equipped vehicle
definition: The activities that support the management of a fleet of ADS-equipped vehicles in driverless operation, which may include, without limitation: Ensuring operational readiness; Dispatching ADS-equipped vehicles in driverless operation (i.e., engaging the ADSs prior to placing the vehicles in service on public roads); Authorizing each trip (e.g., payment, trip route selection); Providing fleet asset management services to vehicles while in-use (e.g., managing emergencies, summoning or providing remote assistance as needed, responding to customer requests and break-downs); Serving as the responsible agent vis-a-vis law enforcement, emergency responders and other authorities for vehicles while in use; Disengaging the ADS at the end of service; Performing vehicle repair and maintenance as needed.
adapted from: SAE-J3016 APR2021, sec. 3.13

foggy weather
type: Class
subclass of: weather type
definition: weather characterized by fog that reduces visibility on the road

freeway
type: Class
subclass of: road type
definition: wide road for fast-moving traffic, especially in the US, with a limited number of places at which drivers can enter and leave it

freeway, low speed, optimal road maintenance, fair weather
type: Class
subclass of: operational design domain
definition: fully access-controlled freeway in low-speed traffic under fair weather conditions and optimal road maintenance
adapted from: SAE-J3016 APR2021, sec. 3.21, Example 2

freeway, traffic jam
type: Class
subclass of: operational design domain
definition: traffic jam on a freeway
adapted from: SAE-J3016 APR2021, sec. 3.32.1, Example 2

full driving automation
type: Class
subclass of: automated driving
subclass of: Class
  complement of: Restriction
    on property: has usage specification
    some values from: operational design domain
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: has part
  on class: Restriction
    on property: realizes
    some values from: DDT fallback
  min qualified cardinality: 0
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: has user while DAS is engaged
  some values from: Class
    union of: driverless operation dispatcher
    union of: passenger
    union of: remote assistant
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: results in
  some values from: full-trip feature
definition: The sustained and unconditional (i.e., not ODD-specific) performance by an ADS of the entire DDT and DDT fallback.
example: A vehicle with an ADS that, once programmed with a destination, is capable of operating the vehicle throughout complete trips on public roadways, regardless of the starting and end points or intervening road, traffic, and weather conditions.
abbreviation: Level 5
adapted from: SAE-J3016 APR2021, sec. 5.6
explanatory note: In the event of a DDT performance-relevant system failure (of an ADS or the vehicle), a Level 5 ADS automatically performs the DDT fallback and achieves a minimal risk condition.
explanatory note: The user does not need to supervise a Level 5 ADS.
explanatory note: “Unconditional/not ODD-specific” means that the ADS can operate the vehicle on-road anywhere within its region of the world and under all road conditions in which a conventional vehicle can be reasonably operated by a typically skilled human driver. This means, for example, that there are no design-based weather, time-of-day, or geographical restrictions on where and when the ADS can operate the vehicle. However, there may be conditions not manageable by a driver in which the ADS would also be unable to complete a given trip (e.g., white-out snow storm, flooded roads, glare ice, etc.) until or unless the adverse conditions clear. At the onset of such unmanageable conditions the ADS would perform the DDT fallback to achieve a minimal risk condition (e.g., by pulling over to the side of the road and waiting for the conditions to change).

full-trip feature
type: Class
subclass of: DAS feature
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: performs
  all values from: motor vehicle operation
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: is result of
  some values from: Class
    union of: full driving automation
    union of: high driving automation
definition: ADS features that operate a vehicle throughout complete trips
example: A Level 4 ADS-DV is dispatched in driverless operation for purposes of providing ride-hailing services to customers located within its geo-fenced area of operation.
example: A Level 5 dual-mode vehicle is dispatched in driverless operation by its owner to go to a designated airport, pick up several family members, and bring them home. All vehicle occupants remain passengers throughout the return trip.
adapted from: SAE-J3016 APR2021, sec. 3.7.3

geofenced area
type: Class
subclass of: confined geographic location
definition: geographic area with a virtual boundary, defined by GPS or RFID technology, that enables software to trigger a response when a mobile device enters or leaves a particular area

high driving automation
type: Class
subclass of: automated driving
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: has part
  on class: Restriction
    on property: realizes
    some values from: DDT fallback
  min qualified cardinality: 0
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: has usage specification
  some values from: operational design domain
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: has user while DAS is engaged
  some values from: Class
    union of: driverless operation dispatcher
    union of: passenger
    union of: remote assistant
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: results in
  some values from: sub-trip feature
definition: The sustained and ODD-specific performance by an ADS of the entire DDT and DDT fallback’.
example: A Level 4 ADS feature capable of performing the entire DDT during sustained operation on a motorway or freeway (i.e., within its ODD). (Note: The presence of a user in the driver’s seat who is capable of performing the DDT is envisioned in this example, as driver performance of the DDT would have been necessary before entering, and would again be necessary after leaving, the motorway or freeway. Thus, such a feature would alert the user that s/he should resume vehicle operation shortly before exiting the ODD, but if the user fails to respond to such an alert, the ADS will nevertheless perform the DDT fallback and achieve a minimal risk condition automatically.)
example: A Level 4 ADS feature capable of performing the entire DDT during valet parking (i.e., curb-to-door or vice versa) without any driver supervision.
example: A driverless operation dispatcher may engage a Level 4 ADS-DV capable of following a pre-defined route within a confined geographical area (e.g., residential community, military base, university campus).
abbreviation: Level 4
adapted from: SAE-J3016 APR2021, sec. 5.5
explanatory note: Level 4 ADS features may be designed to operate the vehicle throughout complete trips (see 3.7.3), or they may be designed to operate the vehicle during only part of a given trip (see 3.7.2), For example, in order to complete a given trip, a user of a vehicle equipped with a Level 4 ADS feature designed to operate the vehicle during high-speed freeway conditions will need to perform the DDT when the freeway ends in order to complete his or her intended trip; the ADS, however, will automatically perform the DDT fallback and achieve a minimal risk condition if the user fails to take over when the freeway ends (e.g., because s/he is sleeping). Unlike at Level 3, the Level 4 feature user is not a DDT fallback-ready user while the ADS is engaged (see Example 2 below), and thus is not expected to respond to a request to intervene in order to perform the fallback. Nevertheless, in the case that a Level 4 sub-trip feature reaches its ODD limit, the ADS may issue an alert to the passenger that s/he should resume driving in order to complete their trip. (Note that in this latter case, the alert in question is not a request to intervene, because it does not signal the need for fallback performance.)
explanatory note: The user does not need to supervise a Level 4 ADS feature or be receptive to a request to intervene while the ADS is engaged. A Level 4 ADS is capable of automatically performing DDT fallback, as well as achieving a minimal risk condition if a user does not resume performance of the DDT. This automated DDT fallback and minimal risk condition achievement capability is the primary difference between Level 4 and Level 3 ADS features. This means that an in-vehicle user of an engaged Level 4 ADS feature is a passenger who need not respond to DDT performance-relevant system failures.

high-volume traffic
type: Class
subclass of: traffic type
definition: traffic with a volume of more than 50,000 AADT (Annual Average Daily Traffic)

highway
type: Class
subclass of: road type
definition: main road, especially one that connects towns or cities

human driver
type: Class
subclass of: human user
subclass of: Class
  union of: Restriction
    on property: performs
    some values from: DDT fallback
  union of: Restriction
    on property: realizes
    some values from: Class
      union of: dynamic driving subtask
      union of: dynamic driving task
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: is user in while DAS is unengaged
  all values from: automated driving
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: is user in at all times
  all values from: Class
    union of: driver support
    union of: no driving automation
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: is user in at all times
  some values from: Class
    union of: driver support
    union of: no driving automation
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: is user in while DAS is unengaged
  some values from: automated driving
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: operates
  some values from: conventional vehicle
definition: user who performs in real time part or all of the DDT and/or DDT fallback for a particular vehicle
adapted from: SAE-J3016 APR2021, sec. 3.31.1
explanatory note: This definition of “driver” does not include a robotic test device designed to exercise steering, braking, and acceleration during certain dynamic test maneuvers.

human user
type: Class
definition: general term referencing the human role in driving automation
adapted from: SAE-J3016 APR2021, sec. 3.31
explanatory note: The following five terms (1 - driver, 2 - passenger, 3 - DDT fallback-ready user, 4 - driverless operation dispatcher, and 5 - remote assistant) describe categories of (human) users.
explanatory note: These human categories define roles that do not overlap and may be performed in varying sequences during a given trip

in-vehicle driver
type: Class
subclass of: human driver
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: occupies the seat of driver
  has value: true
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: operates manually
  some values from: conventional vehicle
definition: driver who manually exercises in-vehicle braking, accelerating, steering, and transmission gear selection input devices in order to operate a vehicle
adapted from: SAE-J3016 APR2021, sec. 3.31.1.1
explanatory note: An in-vehicle driver is seated in what is normally referred to as “the driver’s seat” in automotive contexts, which is a unique seating position that makes in-vehicle input devices (steering wheel, brake and accelerator pedals, gear shift) accessible to a (human) driver.
explanatory note: In a conventional or dual-mode vehicle equipped with a driving automation system, an in-vehicle driver, who may be a passenger or a fallback-ready user during ADS engagement, may assume or resume performance of part or all of the DDT from the driving automation system during a given trip.
explanatory note: “Conventional driver” is an acceptable synonym for in-vehicle driver.
synonym: conventional driver

in-vehicle DDT fallback-ready user
type: Class
subclass of: DDT fallback-ready user
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: occupies the seat of driver
  has value: true
definition: fallback-ready user of a conventional vehicle with an engaged Level 3 ADS feature who is seated in the driver’s seat
example: A Level 3 ADS sub-trip feature designed to perform the DDT in congested traffic on certain freeways encounters emergency responders who are rerouting traffic to the exit due to a serious crash; the ADS issues a request to intervene. The in-vehicle fallback-ready user becomes a driver and performs the fallback by manually operating the vehicle.
adapted from: SAE-J3016 APR2021, sec. 3.31.3.1

in-vehicle user
type: Class
subclass of: human user
definition: user occupying a seat in the vehicle
adapted from: SAE-J3016 APR2021, page 29

lateral vehicle motion control
type: Class
subclass of: dynamic driving subtask
definition: The DDT subtask comprising the activities necessary for the real-time, sustained regulation of the y-axis component of vehicle motion (see Figure 9).
adapted from: SAE-J3016 APR2021, sec. 3.14
explanatory note: Lateral vehicle motion control includes the detection of the vehicle positioning relative to lane boundaries and application of steering and/or differential braking inputs to maintain appropriate lateral positioning.

longitudinal vehicle motion control
type: Class
subclass of: dynamic driving subtask
definition: The DDT subtask comprising the activities necessary for the real-time, sustained regulation of the x-axis component of vehicle motion (see Figure 9).
adapted from: SAE-J3016 APR2021, sec. 3.15
explanatory note: Longitudinal vehicle motion control may include forward and reverse directionality depending on the usage specification.

low-volume traffic
type: Class
subclass of: traffic type
definition: traffic with a volume of less than 400 AADT (Annual Average Daily Traffic)

maneuver-based feature
type: Class
subclass of: DAS feature
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: is result of
  some values from: Class
    intersection of: driving automation
    intersection of: Class
      complement of: Class
        union of: full driving automation
        union of: high driving automation
definition: driving automation system feature equipped on a conventional vehicle that executes a limited set of lateral and/or longitudinal vehicle motion control actions (levels 1-4) as well as associated object and event detection and response (OEDR) and all other elements of the complete DDT (level 3 or 4) in order to fulfil a specific, narrowly defined use case (e.g., parking maneuver)
example: A Level 1 parking assistance feature automatically performs the lateral vehicle motion control actions necessary to parallel park a vehicle, while the driver performs the longitudinal vehicle motion control actions and supervises the feature.
example: A Level 2 parking assistance feature automatically performs the lateral and longitudinal vehicle motion control actions necessary to parallel park a vehicle under the supervision of the driver.
example: A Level 3 highway overtaking assistance feature automatically performs the lateral and longitudinal vehicle motion control actions, as well as associated OEDR, necessary to pass a slower-moving vehicle on a multi-lane highway when activated by the driver or fallback-ready user.
adapted from: SAE-J3016 APR2021, sec. 3.7.1

military base
type: Class
subclass of: confined geographic location
definition: facility for the storage of military equipment and the training of soldiers

military base, speed limit 25 kph, daylight
type: Class
subclass of: operational design domain
definition: geographically-defined military base, only during daylight at speeds not to exceed 25 mph
adapted from: SAE-J3016 APR2021, sec. 3.21, Example 3

minimal risk condition
type: Class
subclass of: condition
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: has participant
  some values from: motor vehicle
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: is result of
  some values from: minimal risk condition achievement
definition: A stable, stopped condition to which a user or an ADS may bring a vehicle after performing the DDT fallback in order to reduce the risk of a crash when a given trip cannot or should not be continued.
example: A Level 4 ADS feature designed to operate a vehicle at high speeds on freeways experiences a DDT performance-relevant system failure and automatically removes the vehicle from active lanes of traffic before coming to a stop.
example: A vehicle in which a Level 4 ADS is installed experiences a DDT performance-relevant system failure in its primary electrical power system. The ADS utilizes a backup power source in order to achieve a minimal risk condition.
abbreviation: MRC
adapted from: SAE-J3016 APR2021, sec. 3.16
explanatory note: At Level 3, given a DDT performance-relevant system failure in the ADS or vehicle, the DDT fallback-ready user is expected to achieve a minimal risk condition when s/he determines that it is necessary, or to otherwise perform the DDT if the vehicle is operable.
explanatory note: At Levels 1 and 2, the in-vehicle driver is expected to achieve a minimal risk condition as needed.
explanatory note: At Levels 4 and 5, the ADS is capable of automatically achieving a minimal risk condition when necessary (i.e., due to ODD exit, if applicable, or due to a DDT performance-relevant system failure in the ADS or vehicle). The characteristics of automated achievement of a minimal risk condition at Levels 4 and 5 will vary according to the type and extent of the system failure, the ODD (if any) for the ADS feature in question, and the particular operating conditions when the system failure or ODD exit occurs. It may entail automatically bringing the vehicle to a stop within its current travel path, or it may entail a more extensive maneuver designed to remove the vehicle from an active lane of traffic and/or to automatically return the vehicle to a dispatching facility.

minimal risk condition achievement
type: Class
subclass of: operation
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: is performed by
  all values from: Class
    union of: automated driving system
    union of: human user
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: has participant
  some values from: motor vehicle
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: is performed by
  some values from: Class
    union of: automated driving system
    union of: human user

monitor
type: Class
subclass of: dynamic driving subtask
definition: A general term describing a range of functions involving real-time human or machine sensing and processing of data used to operate a vehicle, or to support its operation.
adapted from: SAE-J3016 APR2021, sec. 3.18
explanatory note: The driver state or condition of being receptive to alerts or other indicators of a DDT performance-relevant system failure, as assumed in Level 3, is not a form of monitoring. The difference between receptivity and monitoring is best illustrated by example: A person who becomes aware of a fire alarm or a telephone ringing may not necessarily have been monitoring the fire alarm or the telephone. Likewise, a user who becomes aware of a trailer hitch falling off may not necessarily have been monitoring the trailer hitch. By contrast, a driver in a vehicle with an active Level 1 adaptive cruise control (ACC) system is expected to monitor both the driving environment and the ACC performance and otherwise not to wait for an alert to draw his/her attention to a situation requiring a response (see 3.22).
explanatory note: The following four terms (1 - monitor the user, 2 - monitor the driving environment, 3 - monitor vehicle performance, and 4 - monitor driving automation system performance) describe categories of monitoring (see scope regarding primary actors).
explanatory note: The terms below describing types of monitoring should be used when the general term “monitor” and its derivatives are insufficiently precise.

monitor driving automation system performance
type: Class
subclass of: monitor
definition: The activities and/or automated routines for evaluating whether the driving automation system is performing part or all of the DDT appropriately.
example: A remote driver engaging a Level 2 automated parking feature monitors the pathway of the vehicle to verify that the feature is responsive to pedestrians and obstacles.
example: An in-vehicle driver monitors an engaged ACC feature to verify that it is maintaining an appropriate gap while following a preceding vehicle in a curve.
adapted from: SAE-J3016 APR2021, sec. 3.18.4
explanatory note: At Levels 1 and 2, the driver monitors the driver support feature’s performance as part of supervising.
explanatory note: At higher levels of driving automation (Levels 3 to 5), the ADS monitors its own performance of the complete DDT.
explanatory note: Recognizing requests to intervene issued by a driving automation system is not a form of monitoring driving automation system performance, but rather a form of receptivity.
explanatory note: The term monitor driving automation system performance should not be used in lieu of supervise, which includes both monitoring and responding as needed to perform the DDT and is therefore more comprehensive.

monitor the user
type: Class
subclass of: monitor
definition: The activities and/or automated routines designed to assess whether and to what degree the user is performing the role specified for him/her.
adapted from: SAE-J3016 APR2021, sec. 3.18.1
explanatory note: User monitoring in the context of driving automation is most likely to be deployed as a countermeasure for misuse or abuse (including over-reliance due to complacency) of a driving automation system, but may also be used for other purposes.
explanatory note: User monitoring is primarily useful for Levels 2 and 3, as evidence from the field on the use of Level 1 features has not identified significant incidence of misuse or abuse of driving automation technology, and above these levels, the ADS is by definition capable of achieving a minimal risk condition automatically.

monitor vehicle performance
type: Class
subclass of: monitor
definition: The activities and/or automated routines that accomplish real-time evaluation of the vehicle performance, and response preparation, as needed to operate a vehicle.
example: While a Level 2 driver support feature is engaged in stop-and-go traffic, a malfunctioning brake caliper causes the vehicle to pull slightly to the left when the brakes are applied. The human driver observes that the vehicle is deviating from its lane and either corrects the vehicle’s lateral position or disengages the feature entirely.
example: While a Level 4 ADS is engaged in stop-and-go traffic, a malfunctioning brake caliper causes the vehicle to pull to the left when the brakes are applied. The ADS recognizes this deviation, corrects the vehicle’s lateral position and transitions to a limp-home mode until it achieves a minimal risk condition.
adapted from: SAE-J3016 APR2021, sec. 3.18.3
explanatory note: While performing the DDT, Level 4 and 5 ADSs monitor vehicle performance. However, for Level 3 ADSs, as well as for Level 1 and 2 driving automation systems, the human driver is assumed to be receptive to vehicle conditions that adversely affect performance of the DDT (see 3.22).

monitor the driving environment
type: Class
subclass of: monitor
definition: The activities and/or automated routines that accomplish real-time roadway environmental object and event detection, recognition, classification, and response preparation (excluding actual response), as needed to operate a vehicle.
adapted from: SAE-J3016 APR2021, sec. 3.18.2
explanatory note: When operating conventional vehicles that are not equipped with an engaged ADS, drivers visually sample the road scene sufficiently to competently perform the DDT while also performing secondary tasks that require short periods of eyes-off-road time (e.g., adjusting cabin comfort settings, scanning road signs, tuning a radio, etc.). Thus, monitoring the driving environment does not necessarily entail continuous eyes-on-road time by the driver.

motor vehicle
type: Class
subclass of: LandVehicle
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: has part
  some values from: VehiclePart
definition: machine designed to provide conveyance on public streets, roads, and highways
adapted from: SAE-J3016 APR2021, sec. 3.32
explanatory note: As used in this document, [motor] vehicle refers to motorized vehicles and excludes those operated only on rail lines. For reference, 49 U.S.C. § 30102(a)(6) defines [motor] vehicle as follows: “[motor] vehicle means a vehicle driven or drawn by mechanical power and manufactured primarily for use on public streets, roads, and highways, but does not include a vehicle operated only on a rail line.”
explanatory note: Types of [motor] vehicles discussed in this Recommended Practice include ADS-equipped vehicles, ADS-dedicated vehicles, dual-mode vehicles, and conventional vehicles. ADS-dedicated vehicles and dual-mode vehicles are always ADS-equipped vehicles. Conventional vehicles may or may not be ADS-equipped vehicles.

motor vehicle operation
type: Class
subclass of: operation
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: has part
  some values from: sustained operation of a vehicle
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: has participant
  some values from: motor vehicle
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: is performed by
  some values from: Class
    union of: automated driving system
    union of: human driver
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: realizes
  some values from: dynamic driving task
definition: Collectively, the activities performed by a (human) driver (with or without support from one or more Level 1 or 2 driving automation features) or by an ADS (Level 3 to 5) to perform the entire DDT for a given vehicle.
adapted from: SAE-J3016 APR2021, sec. 3.20
explanatory note: Although use of the term operate/operating/operation implies the existence of a vehicle “operator,” this term is not defined or used in this document, which otherwise provides very specific terms and definitions for the various types of ADS-equipped vehicle users (see 3.32).
explanatory note: Terms such as “drive,” “operate,” “driver,” and “operator” may have legal meanings that are different from their technical meanings, as contained in this document.
explanatory note: The term “drive” is not used in this document, however, in many cases it could be used correctly in lieu of “operate.”

nighttime
type: Class
subclass of: time of day
definition: period when there is no natural light from the sun

no driving automation
type: Class
subclass of: sustained operation of a vehicle
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: has user at all times
  all values from: human driver
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: is performed by
  all values from: human driver
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: has user at all times
  some values from: human driver
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: realizes
  some values from: dynamic driving task
definition: The performance by the driver of the entire DDT, even when enhanced by active safety systems.
abbreviation: Level 0
adapted from: SAE-J3016 APR2021, sec. 5.1

object and event detection and response
type: Class
subclass of: dynamic driving subtask
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: has part
  some values from: monitor the driving environment
definition: The subtasks of the DDT that include monitoring the driving environment (detecting, recognizing, and classifying objects and events and preparing to respond as needed) and executing an appropriate response to such objects and events (i.e., as needed to complete the DDT and/or DDT fallback).
abbreviation: OEDR
adapted from: SAE-J3016 APR2021, sec. 3.19

operating condition
type: Class
subclass of: condition
definition: condition defining an operational design domain (ODD)
adapted from: SAE-J3016 APR2021, sec. 3.21

operation
type: Class
definition: act, process, or manner of operating

operation with driver
type: Class
subclass of: motor vehicle operation
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: is performed by
  all values from: human driver
definition: operation of a vehicle in which a human driver is present

operational design domain
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: has operating condition
  on class: confined geographic location
  min qualified cardinality: 0
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: has operating condition
  on class: road maintenance
  min qualified cardinality: 0
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: has operating condition
  on class: road type
  min qualified cardinality: 0
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: has operating condition
  on class: speed limit
  min qualified cardinality: 0
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: has operating condition
  on class: time of day
  min qualified cardinality: 0
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: has operating condition
  on class: traffic type
  min qualified cardinality: 0
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: has operating condition
  on class: weather type
  min qualified cardinality: 0
definition: Operating conditions under which a given driving automation system or feature thereof is specifically designed to function, including, but not limited to, environmental, geographical, and time-of-day restrictions, and/or the requisite presence or absence of certain traffic or roadway characteristics.
example: A Level 1 ACC driver support feature is designed to provide longitudinal vehicle motion control support to the driver on fully access-controlled freeways under fair weather conditions.
example: A level 3 ADS highway feature with an ODD requirement of clearly visible lane lines encounters a short stretch of roadway with obscured lane lines. The ADS feature is able to compensate for brief periods of faded or missing lane markings through other means (e.g., sensor fusion, digital map, lead vehicle following) and continues to operate the vehicle for a brief period before the lane lines again become clearly visible. A short while later, the lane lines again become obscured and remain so for longer duration, causing the ADS feature to issue a request to intervene to the fallback-ready user.
example: An ADS feature is designed to operate a vehicle only on fully access-controlled freeways in low-speed traffic, under fair weather conditions and optimal road maintenance conditions (e.g., good lane markings and not under construction).
example: An ADS-dedicated commercial truck is designed to pick up parts from a geo-fenced sea port and deliver them via a specific route to a distribution center located 30 miles away. The vehicle’s ODD is limited to day- time operation within the specified sea port and the specific roads that constitute the prescribed route between the sea port and the distribution center.
example: An ADS-dedicated vehicle is designed to operate only within a geographically defined military base, and only during daylight at speeds not to exceed 25 mph.
abbreviation: ODD
adapted from: SAE-J3016 APR2021, sec. 3.21
explanatory note: Section 6 discusses the significance of ODDs in the context of the levels of driving automation.
explanatory note: While Level 3 and 4 ADS features/vehicles are designed to operate exclusively within their respective ODDs, some ODD conditions are subject to rapid change during on-road operation (e.g., inclement weather, obscured lane lines). Such transient changes in the operating environment do not necessarily represent an “ODD exit,” as the ADS determines when such a change in conditions requires fallback performance (whether by the fallback-ready user or ADS).

operational design domain exit
type: Class
subclass of: operation
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: has participant
  some values from: ADS equipped vehicle
definition: leaving the operational dessing domain (ODD) assigned to a specific function of the vehicle's ADS system

optimal road maintenance
type: Class
subclass of: road maintenance
definition: road maintenance that guarantees a high level of comfort and convenience for users, which usually means roads that are two-lane, paved, with good lane markings and are not under construction

parking space
type: Class
subclass of: confined geographic location
definition: area where vehicles can be left

partial driving automation
type: Class
subclass of: driver support
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: realizes
  some values from: Class
    intersection of: lateral vehicle motion control
    intersection of: longitudinal vehicle motion control
definition: The sustained and ODD-specific execution by a driving automation system of both the lateral and longitudinal vehicle motion control subtasks of the DDT with the expectation that the driver completes the OEDR subtask and supervises the driving automation system.
abbreviation: Level 2
adapted from: SAE-J3016 APR2021, sec. 5.3
explanatory note: A Level 2 driver support feature is capable of only limited OEDR, meaning that there are some events that it is not capable of recognizing or responding to. Therefore, the driver supervises the feature’s performance by completing the OEDR subtask of the DDT. See Figure 2 (discussing the three primary subtasks of the DDT).

passenger
type: Class
subclass of: human user
subclass of: in-vehicle user
subclass of: Class
  complement of: Restriction
    on property: operates
    some values from: motor vehicle
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: is user in at all times
  some values from: sustained operation of a vehicle
definition: user in a vehicle who has no role in the operation of that vehicle
example: The in-vehicle users of a Level 5 ADS-equipped dual-mode vehicle are passengers whenever the Level 5 ADS is engaged.
example: The in-vehicle users of an ADS-DV shuttle on a university campus are passengers.
example: The person seated in the driver’s seat of a vehicle equipped with a Level 4 ADS feature designed to automate high-speed vehicle operation on access-controlled freeways is a passenger while this Level 4 feature is engaged. This same person, however, is a driver before engaging this Level 4 ADS feature and again after disengaging the feature in order to exit the controlled access freeway.
adapted from: SAE-J3016 APR2021, sec. 3.31.2

poor road maintenance
type: Class
subclass of: road maintenance
label: road maintenance that offers a low degree of comfort and convenience for users, often meaning poor lane markings and construction or repair work

predefined route
type: Class
subclass of: confined geographic location
definition: precisely defined route within a confined geographical area

remote assistance
type: Class
subclass of: operation
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: is performed by
  all values from: remote assistant
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: has participant
  some values from: Class
    intersection of: ADS equipped vehicle
    intersection of: Restriction
      on property: is dispatched in
      some values from: driverless operation
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: is performed by
  some values from: remote assistant
definition: event-driven provision, by a remotely located human (see 3.31.5), of information or advice to an ADS-equipped vehicle in driverless operation in order to facilitate trip continuation when the ADS encounters a situation it cannot manage
example: A Level 4 ADS-DV detects an object in its lane that appears to be too large to drive over and stops. A remote assistant uses the vehicle’s cameras to identify that the object is an empty bag that can be safely driven through/over, and provides the instruction to the ADS-DV to proceed.
example: A Level 4 ADS-DV encounters an unannounced area of road construction within its ODD. The ADS-DV communicates to a remotely located human that it is unable to proceed around the construction. The remotely located human provides a new pathway for the vehicle to follow around the construction zone that allows the ADS-DV to automatically proceed and complete its trip.
adapted from: SAE-J3016 APR2021, sec. 3.23
explanatory note: Remote assistance does not include real-time DDT or fallback performance by a remote driver. Rather, the ADS performs the complete DDT and/or fallback, even when assisted by a remotely located human.
explanatory note: Remote assistance may include providing an ADS with revised goals and/or tasks.
explanatory note: The remote assistance function does not include providing strategic instruction regarding selection of destinations or trip initiation timing (i.e., dispatch functions), even if the same person performs both remote assistance and dispatching functions.

remote assistant
type: Class
subclass of: human user
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: is user in while DAS is engaged
  all values from: driverless operation
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: is user in while DAS is engaged
  some values from: driverless operation
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: performs
  some values from: remote assistance
definition: human(s) who provides remote assistance to an ADS-equipped vehicle in driverless operation
adapted from: SAE-J3016 APR2021, sec. 3.31.5
explanatory note: A remote assistant(s) may also perform other fleet operations functions.

remote driver
type: Class
subclass of: human driver
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: occupies the seat of driver
  has value: false
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: operates remotely
  some values from: conventional vehicle
definition: driver who is not seated in a position to manually exercise in-vehicle braking, accelerating, steering, and transmission gear selection input devices (if any), but is able to operate the vehicle
example: A Level 2 automated parking feature allows the remote driver to exit the vehicle near an intended parking space and to cause the vehicle to move into the parking space automatically by pressing and holding a special button on the key fob, while s/he is monitoring the driving environment to ensure that no one and nothing enters the vehicle pathway during the parking maneuver. If, during the maneuver, a dog enters the pathway of the vehicle, the remote driver releases the button on the key fob in order to cause the vehicle to stop automatically. (Note that the remote driver in this Level 2 example completes the OEDR subtask of the DDT during the parking maneuver.)
example: A Level 4 closed campus delivery vehicle that has experienced a DDT performance-relevant system failure, which forced it to resort to a minimal risk condition by parking on the side of a campus roadway, is returned to its designated marshalling yard by a remote driver who is able to operate the vehicle using wireless means.
example: Identical situation to Example 1, except that the remote driver is sitting in the back seat, rather than standing outside the vehicle.
adapted from: SAE-J3016 APR2021, sec. 3.31.1.2
explanatory note: A remote driver does not include a person who merely creates driving-relevant conditions that are sensed by, or communicated to, the ADS (e.g., a police officer who announces over a loudspeaker that a particular stop sign should be ignored; another driver who flashes his/her head lamps to encourage overtaking, or a pedestrian using a dedicated short range communication (DSRC) system to announce his/her presence).
explanatory note: A remote driver is not the same as a driverless operation dispatcher (see 3.32.4), although a driverless operation dispatcher may become a remote driver if s/he has the means to operate the vehicle remotely.
explanatory note: A remote driver may include a user who is within the vehicle, within line-of-sight of the vehicle, or beyond line-of-sight of the vehicle.

remote driving
type: Class
subclass of: operation
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: is performed by
  all values from: remote driver
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: has participant
  some values from: motor vehicle
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: is performed by
  some values from: remote driver
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: realizes
  some values from: Class
    union of: dynamic driving subtask
    union of: dynamic driving task
    union of: DDT fallback
definition: real-time performance of part or all of the DDT and/or DDT fallback (including, real-time braking, steering, acceleration, and transmission shifting), by a remote driver
adapted from: SAE-J3016 APR2021, sec. 3.24
explanatory note: A receptive remote fallback-ready user becomes a remote driver when s/he performs the fallback.
explanatory note: Remote driving is not driving automation.
explanatory note: Remote driving of a vehicle by a human is sometimes referred to as “teleoperation.” However, “teleoperation” is not defined consistently in the literature, and thus, to avoid confusion, is not used herein.
explanatory note: The remote driver performs or completes the OEDR and has the authority to overrule the ADS for purposes of lateral and longitudinal vehicle motion control.

remote DDT fallback-ready user
type: Class
subclass of: DDT fallback-ready user
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: occupies the seat of driver
  has value: false
definition: fallback-ready user of a Level 3 ADS-equipped vehicle in driverless operation who is not in the driver’s seat
example: A Level 3 ADS-DV encounters a crash scene for which emergency personnel are re-routing traffic; the ADS issues a request to intervene. The remote fallback-ready user becomes a remote driver and performs the fallback by remotely operating the vehicle.
adapted from: SAE-J3016 APR2021, sec. 3.31.3.2

request to intervene
type: Class
subclass of: operation
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: has participant
  some values from: ADS equipped vehicle
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: is performed by
  some values from: Class
    intersection of: automated driving system
    intersection of: Restriction
      on property: performs
      some values from: conditional driving automation
definition: An alert provided by a Level 3 ADS to a fallback-ready user indicating that s/he should promptly perform the DDT fallback, which may entail resuming manual operation of the vehicle (i.e., becoming a driver again), or achieving a minimal risk condition if the vehicle is not operable.
adapted from: SAE-J3016 APR2021, sec. 3.25
explanatory note: As previously noted in this document, it may be possible for a passenger in a Level 4 or 5 ADS-operated vehicle to also resume manual operation of the vehicle under certain conditions, provided that the vehicle and feature are designed for this (e.g., a dual-mode vehicle or a conventional vehicle with a Level 4 sub-trip feature). However, even when alerted by the ADS to take over vehicle operation, a passenger of such a vehicle is not required to do so to ensure competent operation, as Level 4 and 5 ADS features/vehicles are capable of automatically achieving a minimal risk condition when necessary. Thus, such an alert to a passenger of a Level 4 or 5 ADS-operated vehicle is not a “request to intervene” as defined herein for Level 3 ADS-equipped vehicles.

residental community area
type: Class
subclass of: confined geographic location
definition: area belonging to a residential community

road maintenance
type: Class
subclass of: operating condition
definition: preserving and keeping each type of roadway, roadside, structures as nearly as possible in its original condition as constructed or as subsequently improved and the operation of roadway facilities and services to provide satisfactory and safe transportation

road type
type: Class
subclass of: operating condition
definition: particular kind of road

routine ADS operation
type: Class
subclass of: motor vehicle operation
subclass of: Class
  complement of: Restriction
    on property: has part
    some values from: DDT performance-relevant system failure
subclass of: Class
  complement of: Restriction
    on property: has part
    some values from: operational design domain exit
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: is performed by
  all values from: automated driving system
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: has participant
  all values from: ADS equipped vehicle
definition: operation of a vehicle by an ADS within its prescribed ODD, if any, while no DDT performance-relevant system failure is occurring
adapted from: SAE-J3016 APR2021, sec. 3.26
explanatory note: Routine/normal ADS operation includes vehicle responses to objects and events that are safety- and time-critical, as well as vehicle responses to the same that are not safety- and time-critical.
synonym: normal ADS operation

speed limit
type: Class
subclass of: operating condition
definition: speed limit at which an ADS feature is designed to operate

speed limit 25
type: Class
subclass of: speed limit
definition: speed limit of 25 km per hour

speed limit 30
type: Class
subclass of: speed limit
definition: speed limit of 30 km per hour

speed limit 40
type: Class
subclass of: speed limit
definition: speed limit of 40 km per hour

speed limit 50
type: Class
subclass of: speed limit
definition: speed limit of 50 km per hour

speed limit 60
type: Class
subclass of: speed limit
definition: speed limit of 60 km per hour

speed limit 70
type: Class
subclass of: speed limit
definition: speed limit of 70 km per hour

speed limit 80
type: Class
subclass of: speed limit
definition: speed limit of 80 km per hour

stop-and-go traffic
type: Class
subclass of: traffic type
definition: phenomenon that highway vehicles, instead of maintaining a steady speed, are often forced to be engaged in repeated deceleration–acceleration cycles

sub-trip feature
type: Class
subclass of: DAS feature
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: performs
  all values from: Restriction
    on property: is part of
    some values from: motor vehicle operation
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: is result of
  some values from: Class
    intersection of: driving automation
    intersection of: Class
      complement of: full driving automation
definition: driving automation system feature equipped on a conventional vehicle that requires a human driver to perform the complete DDT for at least part of every trip
example: A Level 1 adaptive cruise control (ACC) feature performs longitudinal vehicle motion control functions to support the driver in maintaining consistent headway to a lead vehicle in its lane when travelling at higher speeds.
example: A Level 2 highway feature performs lateral and longitudinal vehicle motion control functions to support the driver in maintaining position within its lane of travel, as well as consistent headway to a lead vehicle in its lane when travelling at higher speeds.
example: A Level 3 traffic jam feature performs the complete DDT on a fully access-controlled freeway in dense traffic, but requires a human driver to operate the vehicle upon ODD exit (e.g., when traffic clears, as well as before entering the congested freeway, and again upon exiting it).
example: During a given vehicle trip, a user with a Level 4 automated parking feature dispatches the vehicle in driverless operation for the purpose of finding a parking space in a nearby designated parking facility. Following a period of shopping, the user retrieves the vehicle via dispatch in order to begin his/her trip home.
adapted from: SAE-J3016 APR2021, sec. 3.7.2
explanatory note: Sub-trip features require a human driver to operate the vehicle between the point-of-origin and the boundary of the feature’s ODD and/or after leaving the feature’s ODD until the destination is reached (i.e., trip completion).

supervise DAS performance
type: Class
subclass of: operation
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: is performed by
  all values from: human driver
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: has participant
  some values from: Class
    intersection of: motor vehicle
    intersection of: Restriction
      on property: has part
      some values from: Class
        intersection of: driving automation system
        intersection of: Restriction
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: is performed by
  some values from: human driver
definition: The driver activities, performed while operating a vehicle with an engaged Level 1 or 2 driver support feature, to monitor that feature’s performance, respond to inappropriate actions taken by the feature, and to otherwise complete the DDT.
example: A driver notices that an engaged adaptive cruise control (ACC) feature is not maintaining headway to a preceding vehicle in a curve and brakes accordingly.
adapted from: SAE-J3016 APR2021, sec. 3.27

sustained operation of a vehicle
type: Class
subclass of: operation
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: is part of
  some values from: motor vehicle operation
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: is performed by
  some values from: Class
    union of: driving automation system
    union of: human driver
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: realizes
  some values from: Class
    union of: dynamic driving subtask
    union of: dynamic driving task
definition: Performance of part or all of the DDT both between and across external events, including responding to external events and continuing performance of part or all of the DDT in the absence of external events.
adapted from: SAE-J3016 APR2021, sec. 3.28
explanatory note: Conventional cruise control does not provide sustained operation because it does not respond to external events. It is therefore also not classifiable (other than at Level 0) under the taxonomy.
explanatory note: External events are situations in the driving environment that necessitate a response by a driver or driving automation system (e.g., other vehicles, lane markings, traffic signs).
explanatory note: Sustained performance of part or all of the DDT by a driving automation system changes the user’s role. (See scope for discussion of roles.) By contrast, an automated intervention that is not sustained according to this definition does not qualify as driving automation. Hence, systems that provide momentary intervention in lateral and/or longitudinal vehicle motion control but do not perform any part of the DDT on a sustained basis (e.g., anti-lock brake systems, electronic stability control, automatic emergency braking) are not classifiable (other than at Level 0) under the taxonomy.

time of day
type: Class
subclass of: operating condition
definition: particular time of day

traffic type
type: Class
subclass of: operating condition
definition: type of road traffic

trip
type: Class
subclass of: operation
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: is result of
  on class: motor vehicle operation
  qualified cardinality: 1
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: has participant
  some values from: motor vehicle
definition: The traversal of an entire travel pathway by a vehicle from the point of origin to a destination.
adapted from: SAE-J3016 APR2021, sec. 3.29
explanatory note: Performance of the DDT during a given trip may be accomplished in whole or in part by a driver, driving automation system, or both.

university campus
type: Class
subclass of: campus
definition: land on which a college or university and related institutional buildings are situated

weather type
type: Class
subclass of: operating condition
definition: type of weather

has feature
type: ObjectProperty
inverse of: is feature of
definition: links driving automation system (DAS) with its feature

has on-board user
type: ObjectProperty

has operating condition
type: ObjectProperty
domain: operational design domain
range: operating condition
definition: relates an operational design domain (ODD) with an operating condition

has part
type: ObjectProperty
inverse of: is part of

has participant
type: ObjectProperty

has usage specification
type: ObjectProperty
domain: driving automation
range: operational design domain
definition: relates particular level of driving automation with a corresponding operational design domain (ODD)
example: A Level 2 feature provides lateral and longitudinal vehicle motion control support to the driver on fully access-controlled freeways.
example: A Level 3 feature operates the vehicle in high-volume traffic on designated fully access-controlled freeways.
example: A Level 4 ADS-DV operates at low speeds in designated urban centers.
adapted from: SAE-J3016 APR2021, sec. 3.30

has user at all times
type: ObjectProperty
inverse of: is user in at all times
definition: links a sustained operation of a vehicle with the role of human user in this operation

has user while DAS is engaged
type: ObjectProperty
inverse of: is user in while DAS is engaged
definition: links a driving automation level, while DAS is engaged, with the role of human user in this automation

has user while DAS is unengaged
type: ObjectProperty
inverse of: is user in while DAS is unengaged
definition: links a driving automation level, while DAS is unengaged, with the role of human user in this automation

is capable to participate in
type: ObjectProperty
definition: links a motor vehicle with a vehicle operation in which this vehicle is able to participate

is dispatched by
type: ObjectProperty

is dispatched in
type: ObjectProperty

is equipped with
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: has part

is feature of
type: ObjectProperty
definition: links a DAS feature with DAS

is malfunction of
type: ObjectProperty

is part of
type: ObjectProperty

is performed by
type: ObjectProperty
inverse of: performs

is realized in
type: ObjectProperty
inverse of: realizes
definition: relates a human user role with a sustained operation in which this role occurs

is receptive to
type: ObjectProperty
domain: human user
range: Class
  union of: DDT performance-relevant system failure
  union of: request to intervene
definition: An aspect of consciousness characterized by a person’s ability to reliably and appropriately focus his/her attention in response to a stimulus.
example: While a Level 3 ADS is performing the DDT in stop-and-go traffic, the left-front tire experiences a sudden blow-out. The DDT fallback-ready user is receptive to the kinesthetic cue of the vehicle pulling significantly to the left and intervenes in order to move the vehicle onto the road shoulder.
example: While a Level 3 ADS is performing the DDT on a free-flowing highway, the left side mirror glass falls out of the housing. The DDT fallback-ready user, while receptive, does not and is not expected to notice this failure, because it is not apparent, and does not adversely affect DDT performance by the ADS.
adapted from: SAE-J3016 APR2021, sec. 3.22
explanatory note: In Level 0 to 2 driving automation, the driver is expected to be receptive to evident vehicle system failures, such as a broken tie rod.
explanatory note: In Level 3 driving automation, a DDT fallback-ready user is considered to be receptive to a request to intervene and/or to an evident vehicle system failure, whether or not the ADS issues a request to intervene as a result of such a vehicle system failure.

is result of
type: ObjectProperty
inverse of: results in
definition: links process with its result

is user in at all times
type: ObjectProperty

is user in while DAS is engaged
type: ObjectProperty

is user in while DAS is unengaged
type: ObjectProperty

occupies the seat of driver
type: DatatypeProperty
domain: human user
range: boolean

operated by
type: ObjectProperty
definition: Collectively, the activities performed by a (human) driver (with or without support from one or more Level 1 or 2 driving automation features) or by an ADS (Level 3 to 5) to perform the entire DDT for a given vehicle.
adapted from: SAE-J3016 APR2021, sec. 3.20
explanatory note: Although use of the term operate/operating/operation implies the existence of a vehicle “operator,” this term is not defined or used in this document, which otherwise provides very specific terms and definitions for the various types of ADS-equipped vehicle users (see 3.32).
explanatory note: Terms such as “drive,” “operate,” “driver,” and “operator” may have legal meanings that are different from their technical meanings, as contained in this document.
explanatory note: The term “drive” is not used in this document, however, in many cases it could be used correctly in lieu of “operate.”

operates
type: ObjectProperty

operates manually
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: operates
property disjoint with: operates remotely

operates remotely
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: operates

performs
type: ObjectProperty

realizes
type: ObjectProperty

results in
type: ObjectProperty

Restriction
subclass of: in-vehicle user
on property: occupies the seat of driver
has value: true